Smart Card Health Role in Rational Use of Medicines
The objective of this study is to examine the role of smart cared in health and their role in the rational use of medicines. Smart cards are very small and very secure and serve to protect patient privacy. Smart cards contain digital logs with location, date, time, and the individual’s stamp to record every transaction. Smart cards also may contain digital prescriptions therefore mistakes made with prescriptions that are handwritten are eliminated and specifically as to the “quantity or quality of medications.” (HealthOne, 2011)
How the Smart Card Works
The smart card uses technology that stores a patient’s personal health information on a microprocessor chip embedded in the card that is the size of a credit card but that has a “small metal contact plate on the front which is how the reader accesses the medical information stored on the chip” and this is accomplished only with the permission of the patient who enters a PIN code. (Gemalto, 2011) The patient’s PIN code is set by the patient at the time the smart card is issued. (Gemalto, 2011, paraphrased) The establishment of accurate patient identification who is receiving healthcare services is key in improvements to healthcare service delivery.
II. Smart Health Card Provisions
The work of Hsu, Li, and Liu entitled “ADRs and Smart Health Cards” reports that the use of “computerized physician order entry and online alerts to reduce medication errors are common elements of medication safety policy.” (2006) Hus, Li and Liu report the implementation of an automated alert system for drug-drug interactions in Taipei Municipal Wanfang Hospital, a hospital managed by Taipei Medical University and reports that the system “alerts the clinician in real time is a drug-drug interaction is detected for prescriptions” given at the hospital. (Hsu, Li, and Liu, 2006) Reports state that the system has the capability of detecting drug-drug interactions for prescriptions given from different hospitals by checking the electronic prescription records on the patient’s National Health Insurance (NHI) integrated circuit (IC) card.” (Hsu, Li, and Liu, 2006) Four types of information are reported to be stored on the NHI IC card including:
(1) Personal information;
(2) NHI-related information;
(3) Medical service information (including drug allergies, long-term care prescriptions, ambulatory care prescriptions and certain medical treatments); and (4) Public health information (including immunization records and willingness to donate organs) (Hsu, Li, and Liu, 2006)
III. Detection of Duplicate Medications
The work of Hsu, et al. (2011) entitled “Online detection of potential duplicate medications and changes of physician behavior for outpatients visiting multiple hospitals using national health insurance smart cards in Taiwan” reports on doctor shopping or “hospital shopping which means changing doctors or hospitals without professional referral for the same or similar illness conditions” and states that this practice is common in Hong Kong, Taiwan and Japan.” Because there is a lack of infrastructure for health information and medication history sharing among hospitals and doctors, “doctor-shopping patients are more likely to receive duplicate medications and suffer adverse drug reactions.” (Hsu, et al., 2011)
The study reported utilized a computerized physician order entry (CPOE) system that alerts physicians when potential duplication medications are detected at the time the doctor prescribes the medication. The system is reported to have identified 2.36% prescriptions that contained at least one duplicate medication and the rate of potential duplicate medication alerts for the hospital’s pediatric department is reported at 2.78%. The rate of physicians that reviewed and revised their prescriptions based on the system alerts is stated at 29.25%. (Hsu et al., 2011, paraphrased) The findings in this study emphasize the key role that the smart health card plays in reducing duplicate medications being prescribed to patients. In a separate study reported by Runciman, et al. (2003) it is stated that 2-4% of all hospital admissions, up to 30% of patients more than 75 years of age are medication related, and up to 75% of these could be prevented and were due to medication errors. The study reports “Errors occur in 15-20% of drug administration when ward stock systems are used and 5-8% when individual patient systems are used. Previous allergic reactions to drugs may not be recorded more than 75% of the time.” (Runciman, et al., 2003)
Summary and Conclusion
The health smart card offers a method to prevent prescribing of duplicate medications when patients visit multiple doctors, clinics, or hospitals and as well makes provision of a method of recording allergies to specific medications when patients have adverse reactions to those medications. As noted in the studies reviewed nearly 75% of adverse or allergic reactions to medications are never reported however, with the use of the health smart card, the treating physician, clinic or hospital can readily and easily record such adverse reactions to medications and through use of the health smart card duplicate medication prescriptions are easily avoided as well.
Bibliography
Benjamin, DM (2003) Reducing Medication Errors and Increasing Patient Safety: Case Studies in Clinical Pharmacology. J Clin Pharmacol 2003 Jul;43(7):768-83.
Hsu, MH (2011) Online detection of potential duplicate medications and changes of physician behavior for outpatients visiting multiple hospitals using national health insurance smart cards in Taiwan. Int J. Med Inform. 2011 Mar;80(3):181-9. Epub 2010 Dec 22.
Hsu, MH, Li, YC, and Liu, CT (2006) ADRs and Smart Health Cards. CMAJ Aug 15, 2006 Vol. 175 No. 4. Retrieved from: http://www.cmaj.ca/content/175/4/385.1.full
Runciman, WB et al. (2003) Adverse Drug Events and Medication Errors in Australia. Int J. Qual Health Care 2003, Dec;15 Suppl 1:i49-59.
Securing Healthcare: Smart Health Identification (2011) Gemalto. Retrieved from: http://www.gemalto.com/brochures/download/securing_health.pdf
Smart Card Software Custom Solutions (2011) HealthOne. Retrieved from: http://www.smartcardsource.com/health.html
Are you busy and do not have time to handle your assignment? Are you scared that your paper will not make the grade? Do you have responsibilities that may hinder you from turning in your assignment on time? Are you tired and can barely handle your assignment? Are your grades inconsistent?
Whichever your reason is, it is valid! You can get professional academic help from our service at affordable rates. We have a team of professional academic writers who can handle all your assignments.
Students barely have time to read. We got you! Have your literature essay or book review written without having the hassle of reading the book. You can get your literature paper custom-written for you by our literature specialists.
Do you struggle with finance? No need to torture yourself if finance is not your cup of tea. You can order your finance paper from our academic writing service and get 100% original work from competent finance experts.
Computer science is a tough subject. Fortunately, our computer science experts are up to the match. No need to stress and have sleepless nights. Our academic writers will tackle all your computer science assignments and deliver them on time. Let us handle all your python, java, ruby, JavaScript, php , C+ assignments!
While psychology may be an interesting subject, you may lack sufficient time to handle your assignments. Don’t despair; by using our academic writing service, you can be assured of perfect grades. Moreover, your grades will be consistent.
Engineering is quite a demanding subject. Students face a lot of pressure and barely have enough time to do what they love to do. Our academic writing service got you covered! Our engineering specialists follow the paper instructions and ensure timely delivery of the paper.
In the nursing course, you may have difficulties with literature reviews, annotated bibliographies, critical essays, and other assignments. Our nursing assignment writers will offer you professional nursing paper help at low prices.
Truth be told, sociology papers can be quite exhausting. Our academic writing service relieves you of fatigue, pressure, and stress. You can relax and have peace of mind as our academic writers handle your sociology assignment.
We take pride in having some of the best business writers in the industry. Our business writers have a lot of experience in the field. They are reliable, and you can be assured of a high-grade paper. They are able to handle business papers of any subject, length, deadline, and difficulty!
We boast of having some of the most experienced statistics experts in the industry. Our statistics experts have diverse skills, expertise, and knowledge to handle any kind of assignment. They have access to all kinds of software to get your assignment done.
Writing a law essay may prove to be an insurmountable obstacle, especially when you need to know the peculiarities of the legislative framework. Take advantage of our top-notch law specialists and get superb grades and 100% satisfaction.
We have highlighted some of the most popular subjects we handle above. Those are just a tip of the iceberg. We deal in all academic disciplines since our writers are as diverse. They have been drawn from across all disciplines, and orders are assigned to those writers believed to be the best in the field. In a nutshell, there is no task we cannot handle; all you need to do is place your order with us. As long as your instructions are clear, just trust we shall deliver irrespective of the discipline.
Our essay writers are graduates with bachelor's, masters, Ph.D., and doctorate degrees in various subjects. The minimum requirement to be an essay writer with our essay writing service is to have a college degree. All our academic writers have a minimum of two years of academic writing. We have a stringent recruitment process to ensure that we get only the most competent essay writers in the industry. We also ensure that the writers are handsomely compensated for their value. The majority of our writers are native English speakers. As such, the fluency of language and grammar is impeccable.
There is a very low likelihood that you won’t like the paper.
Not at all. All papers are written from scratch. There is no way your tutor or instructor will realize that you did not write the paper yourself. In fact, we recommend using our assignment help services for consistent results.
We check all papers for plagiarism before we submit them. We use powerful plagiarism checking software such as SafeAssign, LopesWrite, and Turnitin. We also upload the plagiarism report so that you can review it. We understand that plagiarism is academic suicide. We would not take the risk of submitting plagiarized work and jeopardize your academic journey. Furthermore, we do not sell or use prewritten papers, and each paper is written from scratch.
You determine when you get the paper by setting the deadline when placing the order. All papers are delivered within the deadline. We are well aware that we operate in a time-sensitive industry. As such, we have laid out strategies to ensure that the client receives the paper on time and they never miss the deadline. We understand that papers that are submitted late have some points deducted. We do not want you to miss any points due to late submission. We work on beating deadlines by huge margins in order to ensure that you have ample time to review the paper before you submit it.
We have a privacy and confidentiality policy that guides our work. We NEVER share any customer information with third parties. Noone will ever know that you used our assignment help services. It’s only between you and us. We are bound by our policies to protect the customer’s identity and information. All your information, such as your names, phone number, email, order information, and so on, are protected. We have robust security systems that ensure that your data is protected. Hacking our systems is close to impossible, and it has never happened.
You fill all the paper instructions in the order form. Make sure you include all the helpful materials so that our academic writers can deliver the perfect paper. It will also help to eliminate unnecessary revisions.
Proceed to pay for the paper so that it can be assigned to one of our expert academic writers. The paper subject is matched with the writer’s area of specialization.
You communicate with the writer and know about the progress of the paper. The client can ask the writer for drafts of the paper. The client can upload extra material and include additional instructions from the lecturer. Receive a paper.
The paper is sent to your email and uploaded to your personal account. You also get a plagiarism report attached to your paper.
GET A PERFECT SCORE!!! 
Delivering a high-quality product at a reasonable price is not enough anymore.
That’s why we have developed 5 beneficial guarantees that will make your experience with our service enjoyable, easy, and safe.
You have to be 100% sure of the quality of your product to give a money-back guarantee. This describes us perfectly. Make sure that this guarantee is totally transparent.
Read moreEach paper is composed from scratch, according to your instructions. It is then checked by our plagiarism-detection software. There is no gap where plagiarism could squeeze in.
Read moreThanks to our free revisions, there is no way for you to be unsatisfied. We will work on your paper until you are completely happy with the result.
Read moreYour email is safe, as we store it according to international data protection rules. Your bank details are secure, as we use only reliable payment systems.
Read moreBy sending us your money, you buy the service we provide. Check out our terms and conditions if you prefer business talks to be laid out in official language.
Read more